Categories
Fiction Film & TV

FICTION: We Have Always Battled Monsters in This Castle

Lightning drew a blue outline around the spires and towers of the castle on the mountaintop. Captain Rauch, high on his charger, pointed with his cavalry sword.

‘There, Doctor Kleist,’ he rumbled. ‘Do you see?’

Kleist lifted his skeletal features and peered from beneath his brimmed hat. His blue eyes gleamed. He waited a split second and then, as thunder cracked, said with perfect diction: ‘Castle. Grafenstein.’

Both men steadied their horses.

‘Grafenstein,’ repeated Rauch uncertainly, a fine line appearing between his dark eyebrows. ‘Yes, Grafenstein.’

Kleist pressed delicate fingertips to the ornate golden crucifix around his neck and snapped the reins to drive the horse along the strangely flat path into the forest that surrounded the mountain.

Only a few moments later, it seemed, they arrived at the castle gate. Once again Rauch’s natural haughtiness was tempered by confusion.

‘I don’t remember… How…’

He looked back to where the woods should be and saw a nothingness.

Kleist seemed untroubled. He dismounted and tied his horse to a railing. He straightened his heavy woollen frock coat, adjusted the fox fur collar, and clapped his gloved hands.

‘At last, his reign of terror will come to an end and the people of Kronstadt will be free from the malign master of Castle–’

He stopped and stared at the carved coat of arms above the gate. Text in German blackletter read ‘Schloss Krolek’.

‘Castle Krolek.’

Rauch drew alongside, towering above Kleist, and glowered.

‘Count Krolek of Castle Krolek, of course.’

‘Of course.’

As they passed through the gate, Rauch reached out to touch its grey stone and felt it crumble beneath his fingers, scattering white flakes.

They crossed the moat and approached the great door which opened before them like a giant mouth awaiting food. Kleist held up his crucifix and waved a gloved hand at Rauch, urging him to do the same.

As they crossed the threshold, Kleist shuddered and clapped a hand to Rauch’s chest.

‘Did you feel that?’

Rauch nodded.

There had been some strange shift, like a cut in time, though neither man could put the feeling into words.

The entrance hall of the castle was brightly lit and luxuriously decorated. Flames roared in an enormous stone fireplace.

Rauch looked back. Beyond the door where the courtyard and moat had been a moment before, the nothingness had further encroached.

‘Kleist, look!’

Kleist ignored him. He had already begun to stalk the great hall, inspecting its stonework and tapestries with his long fingers. He paused when he reached the fireplace and looked up at the portrait that hung above it. He stepped back and gasped. It was Rauch, crudely painted, in a black cloak and the ceremonial uniform of a Wallachian boyar.

‘You admire the portrait of my ancestor,’ said Rauch from the staircase.

Kleist felt a fluttering in his mind and his eyes misted for a moment. He heard himself say, involuntarily, ‘Count Krolek!’

‘I bid you welcome to my home,’ said Krolek, who was no longer… who had he been? Kleist had already forgotten not only Rauch’s name but also his very existence. Krolek wore a red lined cape and a velvet jacket the colour of dried blood. His voice was low and resonant and there was a combination of hatred and arrogance at odds with the words he spoke.

Kleist reached for the cross at his neck and for the pistol at his side.

‘Do not move, Krolek. This is loaded with silver bullets blessed by the priest at Kronstadt… I mean, at Carslbad – and dressed with Holy Water!’

Krolek’s eyes burned red.

‘You dare to threaten me? I who have commanded armies and now command armies of the dead? I who have in my veins the blood of… of…’

Krolek’s powerful voice faltered. He looked up and became mesmerised by something.

Kleist followed his gaze. There was no ceiling above, only that same blacker-than-night nothingness. Turning slowly Kleist realised that there was also darkness behind him where a castle wall ought to be.

Then, to his left, another wall began to move.

‘What black magic of yours is this, Krolek?’

Another wall slid between Kleist and Krolek, locking with the first, blocking Krolek from sight. Objects shifted around Kleist, whirling and drifting into place, until he was surrounded.

The pistol in his hand had become a scalpel, his coat a surgical apron. His eyebrow arched as he turned the blade to catch the beam of a vivid pink light. He forgot the nothingness for a moment, and forgot he had ever been Kleist. His work with the human brain was too important to be distracted.

Beyond the wall, Rauch-Krolek was lost. When the walls moved, the nothingness surrounded him for a moment and he found himself adrift on the staircase in blank space. He tried ascending the stairs and found himself on a landing with a large stone eagle. On its plinth were carved the words ‘The House of Zarkhov’. The nothingness advanced behind him like a rising tide. He swore in Russian-accented English and bounded up another flight of steps. The eagle confronted him again but this time with the name ‘Pengellis’ carved into its base. Why was he running? Oh, yes, for revenge on Baron Pengellis for what he had done to the girls of the village, including his own sister, while he, Captain Trelawny, was away at sea. Black water, or something like water, lapped at his boots, forcing him up another storey. Again he found the eagle, the very same eagle, with the worst name of all: Frankenstein.

Kleist-Frankenstein leapt at him with a scalpel causing him to drop the feathered policeman’s helmet from the crook of his arm. He clapped a hand to his arm which was now bleeding freely, his blood too vivid and viscous to make sense.

‘You can’t stop me now, Inspector Becker, you must know that.’

He swiped again and caught Rauch-Krolek-Becker’s face. A line of blood appeared at one, as if a child had marked him with school poster paint.

‘My experiments with transplanting multiple human consciousnesses into a single brain are almost complete. No meddling policeman–’

‘Look!’ said Becker.

Frankenstein smiled and kept his eyes fixed on both the tip of his blade and the stiff-backed Saxon police officer.

For a moment, the nothingness swallowed Frankenstein’s lower leg. The smile left his face. When the shadow withdrew like a lapping wave he was weak and confused.

‘We’d better go up another floor,’ said Becker softly.

For the first time, there was complete silence. The music they were used to hearing, that called their names in brass, had ceased.

‘You first,’ said Frankenstein, gesturing with his scalpel, still trying to dominate the situation.

Somewhere on the flight of steps, as his neat elastic-sided boots pressed into deep red carpet, the scalpel became a British Army pistol and Inspector Becker grew a goatee beard.

This time, the Eagle bore the name ‘Corbeau’. Becker was no longer Becker but his old friend Colonel Gautier, scourge of the satanists. When Gautier addressed him by a new name, he was not surprised.

‘Hold fast, Henniker,’ he said, raising a finger to his ear. ‘Hark – the ritual has begun!’

There was a sound, a deep hum, that might have been chanting, Henniker supposed. It seemed to come from a double door before them. The door was white with gilded trim. On either side were statues of Anubis on white plaster columns.

Gautier turned to Henniker and planted his hands on the smaller man’s shoulders.

‘In our many adventures together, we have never come across a villain as dastardly as Corbeau. Are you with me? I should not judge you if you walked back down–’

He stopped. The steps had gone. There was now only a floor with black and white tiles leading to an entrance hall.

‘I mean…’ Gautier shook his head, touched his brow, and found the line. ‘I should not judge you if you walked out of the door and left me to do psychic battle with this rogue alone.’

Henniker shook his head and raised his service pistol.

‘I’m with you, old man, just as I was at the Devil’s Wood in sixteen.’

As they advanced on the door, jaws fixed, they didn’t notice the walls behind them sliding out of place, or the floor falling away as if into space.

Gautier flung open the door and they burst onto a plain, empty, flagstoned terrace. Lichen grew on the slabs. There were cigarette ends scattered about.

There was no ritual, no Corbeau.

Gautier whirled around. The door behind them was an ordinary door set into an ordinary English country house of no particular distinction.

Kleist-Frankenstein-Henniker dropped his scalpel-gun-sword which landed with a tinkle-clunk-clatter and approached the balcony.

Below was a park where a man in a yellow anorak was walking a dog. The red roof of a number sixteen bus passed above the trees.

Wind whipped at Rauch-Krolek-Gautier’s wig which, in broad daylight, looked absurd.

Henniker shivered. He was, after all, a frail old man.

With brotherly care, Gautier guided him back through the door, into the house, where the eagle, the nothingness, and a thousand monsters awaited them.


This story originally appeared in issue 3 of the General Witchfinders Zine in September 2025.

Categories
Fiction Film & TV weird fiction

12 thoughts about liminal horror

The new film Backrooms directed by Kane Parsons has everyone talking about ‘liminal horror’. As someone who writes stories which might fit into this bracket, I’m excited to have a new sub-genre to ponder.

Here are some initial thoughts – reactions, almost – to a phrase I had not heard until about three days ago.

1. In liminal horror the space itself is the source of the unease, not the ghosts or monsters that lurk within it. A still image of an empty room can evoke the appropriate sense of unease, partly because it is empty.

An empty, abandoned shop with bare shelves, dark shadows, and security monitor on the ceiling glowing purple.

2. “It’s bigger on the inside…” Perhaps liminal horror is about spaces that should not be and that make no sense. A long corridor is creepy; a corridor that seems infinitely long is deeply unsettling. H.P. Lovecraft wrote about spaces with non-Euclidean geometry just as he referred to impossible colours. You might also think of the deliberately disconcerting geometry of Hill House in Shirley Jackson’s The Haunting of Hill House. Or even the land that somehow sits beyond the back of the wardrobe in the works of C.S. Lewis.

3. Do we hate these eerie spaces, or yearn for them? It’s a love-hate relationship. We call it liminal horror but there’s also a romantic allure about places that are silent, empty, blank… Where we might lose ourselves, slip between walls, and be left alone for two fucking minutes. In Genki Kawamura’s Exit 8, the other liminal horror film currently doing the rounds, the protagonist finds himself on a subway station corridor that he soon learns is an impossible space and a trap. But at the beginning, for a moment, he is free from the noise and aggression of the city – and from his responsibilities. Did he perhaps want this?

A dangling yellow exit sign in a brutalist car park with poor lighting.

4. Did Lucio Fulci get there first? I know, I know, I’m always on about Fulci’s 1981 film The Beyond, which I don’t even think is a good film, and certainly isn’t one I’d recommend to everyone. But the ending has the protagonists run down a staircase in a hospital and find themselves in the labyrinthine basement of a hotel from which they had earlier fled. They continue their flight until the basement opens up into an infinite, foggy plain strewn with shrouded corpses. That feels like liminal horror to me.

Four seats against a concrete wall in a dark corner of an institutional building.

5. These are some other things that are coming to mind, but I don’t know if they’re liminal horror:

  • the mausoleum in Phantasm
  • the wasteland and abandoned industrial buildings of Stalker
  • the near-abandoned apartment block in Dark Water
  • the shopping mall in Dawn of the Dead
  • Dave Bowman’s tacky hotel room in space in 2001: A Space Odyssey
  • Judgement City in Albert Brooks’s comedy Defending Your Life
  • Being John Malkovich and the floor between 7 and 8
  • that perfectly white room where Willie Wonka shrinks Mike Teavee

6. “Alright, cunt, what happens?” – Reece Shearsmith. Liminal horror as internet meme doesn’t need a plot, or characters. It can just be, “Whoah, look at this weird door I found,” or, “Check out this hallway!” But books, stories and films generally do require things to happen to people. But does this spoil the fun? Perhaps liminal horror is a rare sub-genre that might work best in virtual reality.

A door in a dingy basement through which can be seen a group of creepy white mannequins gathered around a wardrobe.

7. Oh, actually, never mind Fulci – perhaps Elizabeth Jane Howard got there first. At the end of her story ‘Three Miles Up’ from 1951 concludes with a canal boat exiting a channel not on the map into “a sheet, an infinity, of water stretched ahead; oily, silent, and still, as far as the eye could see, with no country edging it, nothing but water to the low grey sky above it.” Infinite, edgelesss and endless feel like the qualities we’re looking for here.

8. Are the spaces where liminal horror stories take place related to ideas of heaven, purgatory or hell? I mentioned Defending Your Life above which isn’t a horror film but, like the sitcom The Good Place which I’m sure it inspired, suggests that death might feel like being in a waiting room. “I’m in the waiting room now,” is something my mum actually says when pondering her mortality. Waiting rooms, like corridors, are spaces between spaces, checkpoints or chokepoints on a journey rather than the final destination.

A bench on the London Underground with dirty smudges on the wall showing where people have been sitting.
Ghosts of the Elizabeth Line, London.

9. Fog creates instant liminality. It erases the edges, swallows the horizon, silences the world, and leaves you floating in space. It turns any house into The House on the Borderland.

10. So, every single haunted house story is liminal horror? So, John Carpenter’s The Fog is liminal horror? So, any story where they find tunnels hidden beneath a building is liminal horror? Well, yes, maybe, I don’t know, that’s what I’m trying to work out. But perhaps the missing component in my thinking above is that the weird spaces in which liminal horror occurs need to be modern, or at least not antique. In liminal horror, the lights are probably on; they’re probably fluorescent; and they’re probably humming. They’re probably not domestic settings, either, but institutional: hotels, schools, transport hubs, office blocks. They’re bland, beige and functional. Is there some element of the Kafkaesque here – the fear of being lost in the system?

An old beige institutional telephone on a white wall.

11. Liminal horror is in the eye of the beholder. When I wrote about the creepiness of hotels, someone on BlueSky got mad at me because they just didn’t understand what I was talking about. Hotels are nice! Stop saying things are uncanny when they’re not! It’s just a hallway. It’s just an empty space. It’s only a storeroom.

A doorway at the end of a concrete hallway.

12. Sorry I keep using the word ‘liminal’. It’s one that many people avoid using these days. I usually avoid it myself. How else might we describe this sub-genre or trend? I’ve heard ‘analogue horror’ thrown around, referring to the use of filters to evoke VHS recordings and other vintage media. That’s not about spaces but it can help sell their reality and their feeling of being outside time. Today, I saw ‘ordinary horror’ for the first time, via Zachary Gillan, but Andrea Capra, the author of the book of that title, means something very specific: “the horror that haunts our world, and that we may encounter firsthand”. I feel some connections between liminal horror, analogue horror, and various forms of lo-fi ambient music – analogue hiss and crackle, ASMR-adjacent field recordings, a hypnotic waiting room quality. So, perhaps ambient horror would work, too.


My latest collection of stories Thin Places in Hard Concrete has a story about a motorway interchange and a recreation of a medieval palace in an underground bunker, among other contenders for the liminal horror tag. It’s available as an eBook or paperback from Amazon wherever you are. For starters, here’s where you’ll find it if you’re in the UK or US:

I’ve chosen not to apply digital rights management (DRM) to the eBook file so you can download it as an ePub file or PDF to read on whichever device you like, such as a Kobo.

Categories
books Film & TV

Lists, curation and the power of brevity

Lists and guides can be a great way to find new books to read, films to watch and music to listen to. They’re also difficult to put together and seem to make people furious.

As I write, the most recent list to have riled people was The Guardian’s top 100 novels of all time. The criticisms of the list are along these lines:

  • “My favourite book isn’t on it.”
  • “A book I hated is on it.”
  • “Nobody really likes these boring books, they’re just being pretentious.”
  • “The very idea of a list offends me, why must everything be counted and categorised?”

Because this particular list is interactive and helps readers tot up how many of the books they’ve read, there’s also some anxiety around not having read enough of them or having read fewer of them than other people. And anyone who has read quite a few of them is, of course, lording it and showing off.

Honestly, I think the list is fine. As critic and writer Andy Miller has pointed out, however you cut it, these are 100 worthy, interesting, notable books. I didn’t personally get much out of Ulysses but I don’t dispute its right to be on the list because I am not the most special boy and the world does not revolve around my tastes.

The controversial Sight & Sound top 100 films list from a couple of years ago prompted similar debate – which is, of course, exactly why publications go to the immense trouble of running polls and compiling lists. Not cynically, as ‘clickbait’, but because they know that, whatever they might claim to the contrary, people are, in fact, extremely interested in lists and are likely to engage with them as a result.

What I saw on BlueSky yesterday, dismissed as ‘discourse’ by the weary eye-rolling classes, was lots of people having passionate, involved discussions about books. And reacting against the list is just another totally valid way of engaging with it.

For me, that conversation spilled over into a very enjoyable discussion with my partner in the pub, and a flurry of interesting messages with a couple of writer pals.

What does ‘best’ mean anyway?

One problem with lists and guides is that there are a hundred different ways to approach the question of what is ‘best’.

If you’re choosing a hundred novels to represent the best of human intellectual endeavour, and the full breadth of global culture over centuries, your list will look one way. If it’s about which novels you’d take to a desert island, it might be quite different.

You might also think about novels that have meant the most to you over the course of your life, or novels that are socially important, or novels that will have the widest popular appeal, or novels you’d recommend to friends, or…

These are all interesting questions with which to grapple and, remember, lists aren’t rationed. We can have as many as we like, and anyone can write one for the group to get mad about, as long as they’ve got a blog or social media account on which to share it.

Short lists beat long ones

A hundred novels sounds like a lot but it’s not. Of course good and important books are going to get left out.

Even so, if I asked a friend for recommendations and they gave me a list of a hundred books, films or albums, I’d think it was too much, and not particularly helpful.

A list of ten items is more useful. When I create Letterboxd lists they often include only ten or twelve films. That seems digestible and achievable to me. It’s enough to make an argument and to avoid marginal cases and fuzzy edges.

A list of three recommendations might be better again, though, and perfect for social media. To paraphrase, “If I had more time, I’d have made a shorter list.” If someone asks, for example, “I liked The Big Combo, what should I watch next?” you can suggest:

  • something safe and similar (The Big Heat)
  • something a little more obscure (Kansas City Confidential)
  • something tangentially connected (Leave Her To Heaven)

Interesting doesn’t always mean good

One of my favourite podcasts, Pure Cinema, has recently been focused on two important books by Michael J. Weldon, The Psychotronic Encyclopedia of Film from 1983 and The Psychotronic Video Guide from 1996.

These are great breeze blocks of books and intimidatingly comprehensive. But, of course, you’re not really supposed to read them from cover to cover so much as dip into them for reference, or at random.

I also watched a short documentary about the BBC’s Moviedrome strand that popped up on BFIPlayer the other day. Moviedrome ran from 1988 to 2000, originally with filmmaker Alex Cox as the host, and later critic and documentarian Mark Cousins.

The format was simple: before a showing of one of the many films in the BBC’s library of licensed titles, Cox/Cousins would speak for two or three minutes, setting the context and giving the viewer some ideas to bear in mind.

It was hugely influential in establishing a British angle on the canon of cult films. I often ended up watching it and taping the films for my personal collection. Ask any British film enthusiast of a certain age when they first saw a particular cult film and there’s a good chance it will have been via a Moviedrome screening.

What both Weldon and Cox do well is to explain with energy and enthusiasm why a film is noteworthy and valuable, even if it might not make it onto that rather highbrow Sight & Sound list anytime soon – even if, frankly, it stinks, and they don’t personally like the movie at all.

I’m drowning, help

What properly curated guides and lists do is reduce the cognitive load of navigating an overwhelming media landscape.

They make the millions of books, films and records we’ll never get to feel a little more manageable.

They help us decide how to spend our time, energy and money. And they give us permission to focus on certain things while ignoring others.

The only problem is knowing which guides or lists to look at. We probably need a top 100, as voted for by experts.

My list of 10 great novels

In case you’re interested, here’s the list I’d have submitted if, for some reason, The Guardian had asked my opinion:

  • The Long Goodbye by Raymond Chandler
  • Great Expectations by Charles Dickens
  • War & Peace by Leo Tolstoy
  • The Code of the Woosters by P.G. Wodehouse
  • The Rising of the Moon by Gladys Mitchell
  • The Yellow Dog by Georges Simenon 
  • The Inheritors by William Golding
  • Buddenbrooks by Thomas Mann
  • The Haunting of Hill House by Shirley Jackson
  • Ripley’s Game by Patricia Highsmith
Categories
books Film & TV ReadingThinkingDoing

Reading, watching, thinking March 2026: Witches, ghosts, cheesemakers

In the first quarter of 2026 I’ve been reading about witchcraft and folk horror, watching a lot of J-Horror, and trying to make more music, faster.

First, a quick reminder of the point of these posts: I very nearly set up a newsletter, then decided against it, because the world doesn’t need more Substacks. (And, in fact, my partner and I have now shuttered the Substack we used as the newsletter for our long-running beer blog.)

So, if you want to keep up to date with what I’m reading, watching, thinking and doing, your options are:

  • subscribe to this blog with the little widget down at the bottom right
  • add this blog to your RSS feed reader (I’m using Feedly)
  • follow me on BlueSky

I think blogs are fundamentally a good thing and I will keep blogging until they shut down the internet for good. I think more people should blog and those with blogs should (time and circumstances permitting) blog more often, even if nobody reads a word of it.

The covers of Witchfinders by Malcolm Gaskill, Black Magic by Marjorie Bowen and Jeeves in the Offing by P.G. Wodehouse.

What I’ve been reading

I’ve been struggling with reading in the past couple of months. I got promoted at work and am also on a tricky project which takes up a lot of bandwidth in my brain including, unfortunately, at 2 am when I should be sleeping. Still, having that soft annual target of 50 books has pushed me to pick up the odd paperback even when I felt weary.

If there’s been a theme it’s witchcraft. I read and enjoyed Malcolm Gaskill’s Witchfinders from 2005, appreciating his skill at turning hard research into a compelling narrative. I especially enjoyed collecting the names given by various people when forced to confess to keeping ‘imps’:

  • Littleman 
  • Prettyman
  • Dainty
  • Rug
  • Jack
  • Prickears
  • Frog
  • Touch 
  • Pluck 
  • Take 
  • Jacob 
  • Hangman 
  • Meribell
  • Kit
  • Beelzebub (a log)
  • Trullibub (a stick)

At a certain point, though, I did start to find the accounts of specific witchcraft panics repetitive and wondered whether he wasn’t being a little too generous to the archive material that, fair play, he’d spent years finding and burrowing through.

The most important lesson I learned from the book was that the belief in witches was generally sincere, rather than cynical, and that England in the 17th century was full of tensions and anxiety about what God might want and whether he might be mad at us. The execution of witches almost feels like a form of human sacrifice in that context.

Without planning it, I bounced straight from that into another book about witchcraft, Marjorie Bowen’s 1909 novel Black Magic, recently republished as part of the Vintage Classics ‘Weird Girls’ series. Being Edwardian, it’s no surprise that it is occasionally long-winded and a little too leisurely, with the same passionate conversations repeating themselves every few chapters. What feels way ahead of its time, however, is that complex portrayal of gender and sexuality, and the sheer raging blasphemousness of the story. Our hero, Dirk, is a practising black magician who falls in love with another would-be witch, Theirry, as they form a sort of coven. That feels quite daring and I can’t tell if it increases the frisson, or provides a moral get out clause, that it is blindingly obvious to modern readers that Dirk is actually a woman in disguise. The other surprise, for me at least, is that religious magic is real in this world, leading to a positively apocalyptic ending in a Rome lashed by God’s fury.

After that, I needed something light and turned to the stack of Penguin editions of P.G. Wodehouse novels I picked up in a charity shop in Ealing the other week. I hadn’t read Jeeves in the Offing before and was excited at the prospect of a new-to-me Bertie Wooster book. Being from 1960, however, it is an example of a lesser later Wodehouse. The prose in peak Wodehouse makes me laugh out loud every two or three lines. Here it was more like every three pages. The sparkle simply wasn’t there. It was nonetheless pleasant to spend time in a world where, apparently, the war never happened, nothing really matters, and people are constantly falling into ponds.

I’ve also been reading ‘zines’ in that 21st century sense of remarkably professional indie publications. The second edition of Ritual from the people at Weird Walk was themed around hauntological TV and featured, for example, a good piece on The Mind Beyond by Adam Scovell.

And I’m really savouring the first issue of Crossroads, a new publication about American folk horror edited by Candice Bailey AKA ‘Rowan Lee’ and Gavin Lees. At its core are three essays about Deliverance, The Texas Chain Saw Massacre and Race With the Devil introduced by Bailey’s own essay arguing that these could be said to constitute the ‘holy trinity’ of American folk horror. It’s available in the UK as a print on demand book or a bargain-priced eBook.

Finally, I’ve been enjoying rediscovering Longreads as a source of substantial articles, via my RSS reader. I’ve also subscribed to Wired for the first time in ages, specifically prompted by their publication of an article by Jane Ruffino about undersea cables.

What I’ve been watching

My aim for this year is to watch only films from countries other than the USA. I’ve been doing pretty well on that except that my partner loved Andy Weir’s novel Project Hail Mary and made a very rare request to watch the film adaptation at the cinema. I enjoyed it quite a bit, and I certainly enjoyed how much she enjoyed it, given that she’s someone who can generally take or leave movies.

Last year I acquired the Arrow Films Blu-ray box set J-Horror Rising and working through the lesser-known films in that collection prompted me to revisit the classics. In the first months of this year I rewatched Ring, Dark Water and Ju-On: The Grudge, along with several others I never got to first time round. This led to a blog post about how J-Horror revived the traditional ghost story for the 21st century.

I know it’s weird that I’m always giving myself these little jobs to do but once I’d decided to write that post it helped me prioritise watching movies over, say, watching TV, or binging YouTube.

My mission to watch more non-American films has also been aided by the excellent BFI Player streaming service which is a bargain at about £7 a month. It’s got a smaller selection of films than some other services but what’s there is so interesting, and so well chosen, that I never struggle to find something that piques my interest. Holy Cow (Louise Courvoisier, 2024) is something I’d never have ordered on disc but which I found fascinating, funny and moving. It’s about a teenage tearaway in France’s Jura region who suddenly decides he needs to become an expert cheese maker when his father dies. (That sounds like a spoof of a French film from The Simpsons, I know.)

I’ve also been buying discs from Radiance Films, a relatively new UK Blu-ray label which specialises in world cinema from the junction of genre and art film. From Japanese ghost stories to French crime thrillers, their catalogue is full of utter obscurities, each of which makes you think, “Wait, why isn’t this film better known?” Particular highlights have been the German heist movie The Cat (Dominik Graf, 1988) and Alain Corneau’s Série noire from 1979, about a weaselly little fantasist who mistakenly believes he can commit the perfect murder.

The cover design for Thin Places in Hard Concrete as of March 2026. There might be further tweaks.

What I’ve been doing

My main focus has been getting my next collection of short stories, Thin Places in Hard Concrete, to the finish line. The stories were all written months ago but they’ve needed rewriting, editing, polishing and proofreading – none of which are as much fun as writing. I’ve also had to do a bunch of admin around the self-publishing process, such as setting up the text for paperback and formatting the eBook.

I sometimes have my doubts about self-publishing – the thought lingers that it’s what you do when, actually, you cannot write, and cannot get published ‘properly’. Then I look at some books that have been traditionally published, with their knocked-up-in-Canva covers and complete lack of marketing, and feel reassured I’m doing the right thing. It helps that the feedback so far from those who’ve read it has been extremely positive. For example, here’s the blurb that David Collard has very kindly supplied:

Ray Newman is an M.R. James for the 21st century. His haunting stories unfold in familiar, even banal settings – a rented flat, a holiday let, an inexplicable motorway interchange, the corner of a room. Things happen, or seem to happen, just out of sight, and beyond comprehension. Admirers of the cult TV series Inside No. 9 will love this collection.

As a spin-off from that, I also collaborated with Giles Booth on an adaptation of ‘The Interchange’, one of the stories from Thin Places in Hard Concrete, for his podcast Listen With Other. This was great fun to do, even if I did end up recording the audio about 16 times.

This also motivated me to make some music for Giles to use in the production which I did with a mix of field recordings, hardware synthesisers, a dodgy old tape recorder, and Reason, my preferred digital music tool. It was such fun that I then recorded a bunch more ambient, droney background music which I’ve told Giles he is free to use however he likes in other episodes of Listen With Other.

MrRayNewman · Dream Interference

I used Reason for this second batch, though, realising that it really is much easier and faster than using hardware, even if it’s less tactile and ‘pure’. I also found myself questioning the ease with which a piece of music can be created using tools like Reason’s chord player, and its various arpeggiators. Is this so different to just generating a piece of music with AI? Well, yes, but it still feels very close to cheating.

With my lesser-worn graphic design and illustration hat on, I designed a cover for my friend Rory ffoulkes’s collection of weird stories, The Seen and the Unseen, which you can buy now.

The cover of The Seen and the Unseen with a mysterious glowing transparent figure hugging a tree in a dark forest.

Final thought: zoom in

In the next quarter, I’m going to be inspired by this excellent article by Adam Page about Christopher Lee’s performance in The Wicker Man which reminded me of the power of picking one detail or aspect of an artefact and really focusing on it. Not everything needs to be longread or an all-encompassing deep dive.

Categories
Film & TV

How J-Horror brought ghost stories back from the dead

A run of Japanese films released around the millennium, and bracketed together as ‘J-Horror’, gave new life to the ghost story. In 2026, they’re still exciting.

They’re particularly effective because they bring the ghost story up to date with post-war urban settings and a focus on modern technology.

They also play with our expectations of the ghost story, often seeming to present us with a cliche or familiar pattern only to yank away the guardrails in the final act.

In this blog post, I’ll be sharing some of my observations about what makes J-Horror tick based on a recent binge watch of most of the key films, plus some marginal candidates that helped me triangulate.

A working definition of J-Horror

For the purposes of this blog post, I want to talk specifically about Japanese supernatural horror films from between around 1997 and 2005.

Some people use the term to refer to Japanese horror cinema in general, stretching back to the 1960s. Others even apply it to nineteenth century literature, modern novels, and comics.

Others include films from the same period I’m covering but which do not have a supernatural element. When I asked on the social media platform BlueSky which films might be said to form the core of J-Horror, or its ‘holy trinity’, many people suggested Takashi Miike’s Audition from 1999 – a psychological horror with graphic scenes of torture. But I struggle to seat that alongside Ring (Hideo Nakata, 1998) and Ju-On: The Grudge (Takashi Shimizu, 2002) both of which are very much about ghosts, curses and haunted houses.

That conversation was helpful in finding the epicentre of J-Horror, even if its boundaries remain vague. Almost everyone named Ring and Ju-On: The Grudge as centrally important. The next most commonly suggested supernatural horror films were Dark Water (Hideo Nakata, 2002), Pulse, AKA Kairo (Kiyoshi Kurosawa, 2001), One Missed Call (Takashi Miike, 2003) and Noroi: the Curse (Koji Shiraishi, 2005).

These are the films I’ll be focusing on, with mentions of several others.

You are, of course, welcome to disagree with my definition of J-Horror, with the films I’ve chosen to consider part of it and, indeed, the very concept of the label. If so, I’d suggest writing your own blog post which anyone can do and everyone should be doing, because blogging is great.

I’ll also acknowledge that there are plenty of people who know Japanese cinema better than me and who have made a special study of J-Horror. If you want a definitive history of J-Horror, or a broader survey of media that might belong within the category, do check out their work, some of which I’ll flag throughout this post and in a reading list at the end.

A family photo, mum, dad, daughter, with the eyes blanked out by strips of black.
Noroi: the Curse.

Urban legends and viral storytelling

The viral nature of stories, and of the curses they convey, is a key theme of J-Horror films.

There’s a strong culture of urban legends in Japan. For example, in the July 2025 edition of Fortean Times Laura Mauro wrote about one particular strand of Japanese legend: the toilet ghost. Mauro recounts that the legend of Toire no Hanako-san (Hanako of the Toilet), who pulls people through the toilet bowl and down to hell, can be traced to a specific elementary school in Tokyo as far back as 1948. Spooky school stories are, she suggests, an entire literary sub-genre, with tales spread from child to child, school to school, and documented by writers like Toru Tsunemetsu.

This tendency also reached the small screen as explained by Nicholas Rucka in his excellent 2005 essay ‘The Death of J-Horror’:

A young office worker named Norio Tsuruta, employee at a video production company in Tokyo, had noticed that television shows about supposedly true ghost sightings and hauntings were extremely popular… Tsuruta’s highly popular 1991 Scary True Stories (Honto ni Atta Kowai Hanashi) provided through low budget production on video, the look, mood, and style of what we now know as J-Horror… They begin with candid snap-shots of normal Japanese folks who have had their eyes black-barred for anonymity. We start with the full photo on screen and then we cut into a close up of the ghost or spirit that has been caught in the background of the picture. These are regular folks who are being haunted.

In J-Horror films, schools, schoolchildren, and schoolgirls in particular are antennae for urban legends and ghost lore. In Ring we see schoolgirls being interviewed, speaking directly to camera. In narrative terms this acts as both a convincer and a distancing mechanism. They’re either expert witnesses who perceive and believe things that adults miss, or just silly, gullible kids.

In One Missed Call the first clear articulation of the mechanics of the curse comes from a group of kids in blazers and knee socks overheard by the protagonist Yumi (Ko Shibasaki) in the street. Where have they learned this? Oh, you know, just around.

Noroi: the Curse connects the urban legend aspect of J-Horror with another contemporary trend: found footage horror. Its protagonist is a producer of straight-to-video supernatural investigation documentaries. Following rumours and local myths he stumbles into a grim case that crosses over into folk horror. Like the urban legend framing, watching the action through handheld camera footage and clips from convincingly typical Japanese television shows helps to sell the reality of a fantastical situation.

No happy endings

Almost every J-Horror film in the core group sets up an expectation, or a hope, that the problem can be solved as it might be in a formal Victorian tale of the supernatural. That is, if you can solve the mystery, or find the buried corpse, you will lay the ghost or lift the curse.

Empathy and the quest for justice is, however, rarely rewarded.

J-Horror’s unhappy endings are the necessary pay off for the overwhelming sense of dread that they conjure up through eerie soundscapes, slow-building situations, and uncanny imagery.

As we near the end of Ring everything seems on track to wrap up neatly, with virtue, kindness and determination rewarded. But, no, the vengeful spirit doesn’t want to be found, understood or loved – it wants more victims, and it wants to make more monsters.

Ju-On: The Grudge gives us a taste of the logical conclusion of that idea in its brief but utterly chilling final shot of a city covered with posters seeking missing people, and seemingly abandoned.

But it is Pulse that really goes there, giving over its final act to an apocalyptic vision of a world invaded by ghosts. The vehicle for their crossing over is particularly interesting in the context of another recurring theme in J-Horror.

Yumi Nakamura (Kô Shibasaki) with what I think is a Panasonic clamshell phone in One Missed Call.

Technology as the vehicle of the curse

At the time of their release J-Horror films, as I recall it, were sometimes ridiculed for shoehorning contemporary technology into their plots. What next, a haunted MiniDisc? A cursed Nintendo DS?

Ring is where the important J-Horror motif of the cursed technological artefact seems to begin. Its lethal chain-message videotape was remarkably effective, too. VHS brought grit, noise and artefacting – again, distancing and concealing – so that what we did see felt all the more unsettling. The choice to show us the eerie, unsettling tape in its entirety, like a short art film, was also brilliant. As others have pointed out, most people saw Ring on VHS and so, for one very weird minute, found themselves exactly replicating the actions of the doomed protagonists.

Subsequent J-Horror films continued along this road and gave us cursed voicemail messages, spooky clamshell mobile phone ringtones, mysterious eCards, haunted video games, and so on. In this world, ghosts often manifest on glitching TV broadcasts, CCTV screens and webcam footage.

In Pulse it was the nascent internet itself that became a portal through which hostile ghosts were able to cross over from the other side.

This reliance on technology often gave these films a sharp contemporary edge at the time of their release but ensured that by, say, 2009, they felt almost hilariously dated.

Now, more than a quarter of a century on, they’ve begun to feel like the next generation of hauntological artefacts, taking over from Victorian dolls and music boxes, and from the 8mm film and reel-to-reel tape of the 1970s. And they bring their own digital dirt, and built-in sense of melancholy nostalgia.

A bland car park behind a bland apartment block with several white, grey and beige cars.
A blandscape from Ring.
A street between apartment blocks with bland grey structures, white and grey cars, and a general sense of mundane reality.
Suburbia in One Missed Call.

Blandscapes and backrooms

Another recurring feature of J-Horror films is the grey and beige mundanity of their settings. They are very decidedly anti-Gothic.

The action often takes place in and around post-war apartment blocks, in car parks, in playgrounds, or on suburban back streets.

There are brightly lit, quietly buzzing welfare offices with queues and waiting rooms, and blandly bureaucratic schools and hospitals.

The haunted houses are small, lived in and modern – more IKEA than Borley Rectory.

This tells us we’re in the real world, where real people really live and really work, so that when things start to drift towards the uncanny it feels all the more disquieting.

There’s also a foretaste of ‘The Backrooms’ trend of the 2010s in the between places the protagonists of J-Horror films find themselves exploring. In Dark Water it’s the functional rooftop infrastructure of an apartment block’s water system – rusty, damp, perfectly ordinary, except when it isn’t.

In Dark Water, Ju-On: The Grudge and One Missed Call the uncanny potential of lifts (elevators) is explored. They’re traps where vengeful spirits have their prey cornered, or from which the enclosed protagonists get brief glimpses of the creatures that stalk them.

A grainy video image of a girl with long hair and a white nightdress.
Sadako (Rie Inō) in Ring.

What if a girl had long hair?

Finally, I have to acknowledge a recurring visual trope in J-Horror: the vengeful female spirit with long dark hair. 

For starters, there’s Sadako, the antagonist of Ring, whose long dark hair is also (shudder) wet.

In Dark Water, by the same director, Mitsuko is another dreadfully damp monster whose hair even makes its way into the water system of the building, through the taps, and out into glasses of already murky-looking drinking water.

In Tomie (Ataru Oikawa, 1998) the face of the non-human entity at the heart of the film is concealed from us by long hair which she compels her bewitched male servant to brush for her.

Kayako, the furiously angry ghost of Ju-On: The Grudge and its sequels, hides behind her long, untidy hair, and even uses it as a weapon.

It’s easy to think of this as a superficial effect, or a cheap way of triggering feelings of unease. (See also: masks or crazily fixed smiles.) But academic Colette Balmain wrote about the meaning of unruly hair in Japanese horror films in a 2008 paper:

Theories of hair and its  relationship to socio-political structures in South East Asia suggest that long hair is symbolic of freedom, while short or bound hair is subject to social control… [and] unbound hair connotates sexuality…

By contrast, the young women who are so often the protagonists of J-Horror films generally have short, glossy, beautifully styled hair. Their characters are star students, social workers, television reporters, or devoted mothers, and the actresses who play them are usually some combination of pop star and model.

But who remembers the names of those characters? It was never them who inspired endless sequels and spinoffs.

J-Horror is worth revisiting in 2026

I’ve thoroughly enjoyed both revisiting J-Horror films that I watched first time round and discovering films I skipped at the time.

It’s often easier to make sense of trends and sub-genres after some time has passed, and when there’s less noise from marketing people repackaging any old tat to cash-in.

What got me started was the excellent Arrow Films Blu-ray box set J-Horror Rising which contains six relatively obscure films including Noroi: the Curse. They don’t all match my personal definition of J-Horror but where they deviate, and how they differ, helped me understand its fuzzy edges.

This also sent me back to rewatch Ring, Ju-On: The Grudge, and others. Suggestions from BlueSky led me to Cure (Kiyoshi Kurosawa, 1997) which, while it lacks the supernatural aspect I crave, was certainly a welcome discovery.

Most of all what I got from this was a sense of immersion in another culture along with a barrage of new ideas for how to think about ghost stories.

While I won’t be introducing any lank-haired well-dwelling revenants to my own fiction just yet, I’ll certainly be aiming to capture some of the bone-deep sense of wrongness that J-Horror conveys so well, in such clever ways.

Further reading

Categories
Film & TV weird fiction

What is ‘What is folk horror?’

When we ask ‘What is folk horror?’ we’re grappling with a problem of categorisation. We want there to be simple rules and neat boxes. But in the murky world of genre, those do not exist.

There are many well-argued attempts to define folk horror, running in length from a single sentence to hundreds of pages of dense academic prose.

What’s fascinating to me is that whichever definition you place in front of people, their immediate reaction will be to try to break it:

“Oh, so by this definition To The Manor Born is folk horror?”

My instinct is to find this infuriating: that thing is obviously not folk horror, and you don’t want it to be folk horror. You’d be disappointed if I sold you a box set of folk horror films that turned out to contain Dawn of the Dead and The Texas Chain Saw Massacre, right? Even if it wouldn’t be that difficult to construct a clever argument for their inclusion.

I guess I expect the thought process to be:

  1. This thing feels to me as if it might be folk horror.
  2. What tests can I apply to see if/how it might fit?
  3. I was right/wrong! That’s interesting.

Rather than:

  1. These tests exist.
  2. What’s the oddest shaped item that I can put through these tests that will pass?
  3. I get a medal for being cleverer than the person who devised the test.

Talking about this on BlueSky the other day another thing that occurred to me is that people are sometimes eager to broaden the definition, or to squeeze in a particular favourite film or book, because they think the folk horror label is a mark of quality, rather than simply a way to file media. (On a shelf, or in your brain.)

Perhaps we’ve been trained to think this way by other definitional debates: punk is better than not punk; indie is better than not indie; craft beer is better than not craft beer. (None of these are true either.)

I think it’s fine for the definition of folk horror to be quite narrow. I think it’s fine for things to fall outside of it, especially when there are alternative, more accurate, often overlapping labels that might fit better.

For example, I am baffled by the repeated suggestion that The Stone Tape is an example of folk horror, but I’m quite comfortable with it being described as ‘hauntological’ or an example of ‘English eerie’. Or just as a ghost story, for that matter.

For a few years, though, the folk horror label has carried value as a sales tool. Publishers were looking for folk horror to publish; producers wanted to produce films that could be marketed as folk horror.

In that context, maybe it’s understandable that people would want to fight to get their thing inside the tent.

A test I’ve often applied in conversations about genre or category (I’ve done it above, re: Dawn of the Dead) is this:

Would someone be confused if they liked a quintessential example of folk horror (say, The Wicker Man), asked for a recommendation, and I pointed them to [media product X].

There’s a lot of debate about whether Witchfinder General really fits into the folk horror genre, for example, and I can imagine people who didn’t know the backstory being baffled by it as a ‘Now watch…’ recommendation. While others might say, OK, I get it, I see the connections.

But partial matches and fuzzy edges are OK, too.

Genre categorisation helps us triangulate and facilitates discussion. Items can sit in multiple categories, or move categories, or sit on different shelves in different people’s mental models.

Categories
books Film & TV

Favourite new-to-me books and films in 2025

Novels about juvenile delinquents, short films about consumerism, and a weird classic I got round to far too late are among my cultural highlights from the past year.

I like these little bits of end-of-year housekeeping – looking back, sorting and filing, debating with past Ray the stupid ratings he gave months ago.

I often find that a book or film I wasn’t sure I’d liked has stayed with me and become a reference point, or an inspiration. Liking isn’t everything, it turns out.

Still, those ratings are useful because they help me remember how I felt in the moment, and make it possible to pull out highlights for a post like this.

I’d like to read more. My annual target of 50 books is do-able, just about, but slightly stresses me out. I certainly couldn’t read much more without it turning reading into another task at which I feel I’m failing.

My approach is to write a little capsule review of each book after I’ve finished and mark any book that I had a strong positive feeling about with an asterisk. A ‘strong positive feeling’ might be that it left me feeling cleverer, or moved me, as well as that it was simply enjoyable.

As for films, I don’t have a target, but I do try to watch films rather than TV or (ugh) YouTube. Of course I do watch YouTube, because it’s irresistible, but often feel dirty afterwards. In the hour I spent watching some bloke build a castle out of lolly sticks I could have got through most of a 1940s horror movie.

Films I review and rate on Letterboxd. That gives me quite a granular sense of the real standouts, especially as I’m quite stingy with any rating of four stars or more.

Lois the Witch by Elizabeth Gaskell.

The best new-to-me books of 2025

The Furnished Room by Laura Del-Rivo, published in 1961, is a stone cold classic and anyone who likes both crime fiction and angry young man novels ought to read it. My copy, tatty and yellowing, came from the 50p bin in a charity shop, and its state of near disintegration seemed quite fitting. It’s about a young man who might be a psychopath, who has paedophilic and Nazi fantasies, and who thinks he’s better than everyone else despite being, essentially, a bum. It reminded me of Absolute Beginners (it’s a great West London novel), The Talented Mr Ripley, and Saturday Night and Sunday Morning. Perhaps there’s even a little of Billy Liar there, if Billy was a killer.

Big Man by Ed McBain (Evan Hunter) from 1959 is in a similar vein, but set in New York City rather than London. I was astonished by its brilliance and vigour and think it might be the best thing McBain wrote in a long, prolific career. The protagonist is a street punk who drifts into a life in organised crime because the mob identify him as someone who can be groomed, and trained to be an emotionless killer. It has several genuinely shocking twists and an utterly bleak ending.

I wrote more about both of the books above in a blog post about juvenile psychopaths earlier in the year, which also includes notes on The Dead Beat by Robert Bloch.

1992’s A Fire Upon the Deep by Vernor Vinge is a big, high concept sci-fi novel which is bewildering at first but then, when you get used to it, has the pure thrills of a Lucasfilm adventure. My favourite characters were the Skroderiders, sentient plants who have symbiotic relationships with small carts on which they whizz around. There are also packs of intelligent dogs, each of which shares a consciousness and personality, and plenty of big spaceships.

I Have Some Questions For You by Rebecca Makkai, from 2023, is a murder mystery set in an American private school that plays with, and criticises, the tropes of true crime and podcasting. It’s also about the Me Too movement, male privilege, and institutional wagon circling – conscious or otherwise. I found it both entertaining (“I couldn’t put it down” &c.) and thought provoking, which is always a pleasing combination.

The Forever War by Joe Haldeman, 1974, is a rather brilliant study of intergalactic war, spanning centuries, from the point of view of a single soldier. It’s Band of Brothers in space. The constant references to the increasing homosexual population reads as homophobic but I buy the argument that this is supposed to depict the alienation of veterans from the societies for which they fight. (Hey, guess what? It’s about Vietnam.)

Jordan Tannahill’s The Listeners, 2021, is a short, punchy novel that at times reads like weird fiction, and at others like a modern melodrama. A woman hears a mysterious hum. Her family can’t hear it and think she’s losing it. Then she finds that one of her students can hear it, too, and they form a bond that destroys her career and marriage. Slowly, she drifts into what might be a cult, depending on your point of view.

Hangsaman by Shirley Jackson, 1951, is brilliant, compelling, and maddeningly oblique. I think the plot (if plot is the word) is that student Natalie is raped; disassociates; goes through a period of psychedelically intense psychosis; then emerges with new clarity, and new strength. But I spent most of the book feeling anxious and bewildered, in the best possible sense.

Time Shelter by Georgi Gospodinov, 2020, isn’t quite a novel. The plot unravels, the characters are cyphers. Part autobiography, part philosophical ramble, part political tract, it has interesting things to say about Bulgaria, nostalgia, conservatism, and the end of human history. The premise is the hook, though: in a world gone mad, a therapist creates domestic spaces where people can go back in time and ignore the present. But these comforting fantasies prove irresistible and, soon, begin to spread across wider society.

Fleischerei by Saoirse Ní Chiaragáin, 2025, was quite a challenge for me, Britain’s Most Uptight Man™, concerning as it does an intense cannibalistic affair between two outsiders in Berlin. It’s beautifully written, though, and there’s something thrilling about reading what feels like a forbidden text.

Lois the Witch by Elizabeth Gaskell, 1859, was a real highlight of the year, republished as part of the Penguin Archive series as a small, plain paperback. It’s about a young woman in 17th century England who is despatched to America and finds herself a victim of witch madness in Salem. It is tragic and atmospheric, with some brilliant depictions of haunted landscapes:

Sights, inexplicable and mysterious, were dimly seen – Satan, in some shape, seeking whom he might devour. And at the beginning of the long winter season, such whispered tales, such old temptations and hauntings, and devilish terrors, were supposed to be peculiarly rife. Salem was, as it were, snowed up, and left to prey upon itself. The long, dark evenings, the dimly-lighted rooms, the creaking passages, where heterogeneous articles were piled away out of reach of the keen-piercing frost, and where occasionally, in the dead of night, a sound was heard, as of some heavy falling body, when, next morning, everything appeared to be in its right place – so accustomed are we to measure noises by comparison with themselves, and not with the absolute stillness of the night-season – the white mist, coming nearer and nearer to the windows every evening in strange shapes, like phantoms, – all these, and many other circumstances, such as the distant fall of mighty trees in the mysterious forests girdling them round, the faint whoop and cry of some Indian seeking his camp, and unwittingly nearer to the white men’s settlement than either he or they would have liked could they have chosen, the hungry yells of the wild beasts approaching the cattle-pens, – these were the things which made that winter life in Salem, in the memorable time of 1691-2, seem strange, and haunted, and terrific…

I was so impressed by the first two books in Evelyn Waugh’s Sword of Honour trilogy that I’d been saving Unconditional Surrender, from 1961. It’s incredibly readable and often very funny, almost ‘Bertie Wooster goes to war’. At the same time, it has profound things to say about the coming of the modern world, and the banal inhumanity of modern conflict, which is all paperwork and silent death.

Uncertain Sons by Thomas Ha, 2025, is the book I’ve been naming when asked for recommendations. It’s a collection of thematically linked stories about the apocalypse, mutation, denial, and family relationships. They’re all at very least good, and some are truly great. My favourite story was ‘Where the Old Neighbors Go’ which is about urban gentrification, flavoured with fairy folklore and Ghibliesque talking animals.

1958’s Spotted Hemlock by Gladys Mitchell, my favourite of the golden age mystery writers, was a treat towards the end of the year. A girl goes missing from an agricultural college for women, which is twinned with a similar school for men several miles away across country. The characters, the gothic atmosphere, and the observational humour carry a slightly less than brilliant plot. The sheer raging horniness of the girls in particular is very funny.

I came across The Diving Pool by Yoko Ogawa in the new Vintage Classics ‘Weird Girls’ series. It was originally published in English in 2008 and comprises three long short stories, or short novellas. They’re all rather sick. A girl who tortures a child, while lusting after a fellow inmate at her orphanage. A woman who casually, unconsciously poisons her pregnant sister. And, in the the third and best story, ‘Dormitory’, a sinisterly empty student accommodation block with only one resident and a predatory caretaker.

Finally, BUtterfield 8 by John O’Hara, 1935, is a brilliant evocation of the speakeasy era in New York City. It tells the story of the tragic downfall of glamorous Gloria Wandrous, a wild child with many lovers, who has never not been preyed upon by men.

A scene from Picnic at Hanging Rock with three girls in Edwardian dresses.

The best new-to-me films of 2025

I’ve been strict here and limited myself to flagging films that I rated 4.5 stars or higher – plus a couple of entries that, on reflection, I should have rated more highly at the time.

Writer G.F. Newman’s Law & Order, broadcast in four feature-length parts in 1978, is an astonishing achievement. It explains how police corruption works in practice, and why it’s a problem, as we watch the ‘fitting up’ and imprisonment of a low-level criminal from multiple angles. Detective Fred Pyall is the bland, teddy-bearish villain of the piece, abusing his power and knowledge of the system to extract bribes and choose who does and not go to prison. Pyall is played by Derek Martin and his victim is played by Peter Dean, both better known for playing characters in Eastenders. Almost every other face is familiar from British TV soaps or comedies, or British films like Lock, Stock and Two Smoking Barrels. Alan Ford is here, for example, and Ken Campbell gives a surprisingly restrained performance as a corrupt solicitor.

Picnic at Hanging Rock, directed by Peter Weir and released in 1975, took a long time to get to the top of my watchlist. Somewhere along the line, I’d got the idea that it might be an endurance test, perhaps because people keep describing it as ‘dreamlike’ and ‘ambiguous’, which can often mean vague and tedious. But, no, it’s utterly brilliant. From the opening scene, I was mesmerised by the mix of beautiful, hazy visuals and hypnotic, exotic music. Years before The Blair Witch Project or Fargo pulled the same trick, it sells itself as being based on a true story, which is enough to blur the audience’s sense of what is real and what is not. As in reality, as in true stories of crime and disappearance, things don’t make sense in neat and tidy ways. This film is the essence of ‘weird fiction’: ambiguous; unsettling; not only about haunting but actually somehow haunted itself.

The Lonely Shore, Ken Russell, 1962, is an astonishing short film unearthed and shared on the excellent BBC Archive YouTube channel. It feels like one of the apocalyptic short stories written by Michael Moorcock or J.G. Ballard for New Worlds – surreal, weird, disturbing, and deadpan funny. It is packed with breathtaking images conjured up from the contents of a junk shop arranged on a desolate beach. The radiophonic ambient horror score is the icing on the cake.

The Children of Dynmouth, Peter Hammond, 1987, is a TV movie made for the BBC’s Screen One strand. It’s a strange, perverse take on Billy Liar, based on a novel by William Trevor. Timothy Gedge (Simon Fox) is a disturbed teenager with a voyeurism habit. He sticks his nose into the business of the respectable people of Dynmouth and casually blackmails many of them, either to get their help with his talent show act, or just for the sake of entertainment. Sometimes, his accusations are accurate; on other occasions, they’re pure self-dramatising fantasy – but no less dangerous for that. This was Fox’s only acting credit and his drama coach gets a special credit at the end. His non-professional performance only adds to the weirdness, as if an actual oddball has wandered onto the set and is bothering everyone. The character is supposed to have a poor understanding of boundaries, and to be intensely irritating, but I’m not sure the viewer is supposed to find him almost unwatchably annoying, too. I’m glad I persevered, though, because the final act of the film has overtones of Patricia Highsmith, the oblique school of weird fiction, and perhaps even Royston Vasey. This film startled and mesmerised me. It tapped into a bunch of my obsessions – small towns, West Country life, the darkness beneath the surface of suburbia. And, because it’s so obscure, it felt delightfully fresh.

Dinner in America, Adam Rehmeier, 2020, is a delightfully uplifting film from an alien world of Christian family dinners, bullying jocks, and raging punk arsonists. All the performances are excellent but it would be nothing without Emily Skeggs as Patty, a girl who is not secretly a genius, and doesn’t suddenly become a raging beauty when she removes her glasses and shakes out her hair. No, that only happens when a smile or a giggle breaks over her face as she feels real happiness for the first time, and it’s as if a searchlight has been flipped to full beam. The pivotal moment in the film, for me, is when she gets the opportunity to sing a song with Simon (Kyle Gallner), AKA her favourite punk musician John Q. As the intro plays out and she readies herself to sing there’s suspense in the moment. If she can’t sing, and her lyrics are bad, then she’s just the subject of yet another cruel joke. Spoiler: there’s a good reason her song causes a tear to roll down Simon’s bruised cheek.

The Family Way, Roy Boulting, 1966, has a reputation as a bit of a flop. I’m not sure why. For me, it’s the perfect midpoint between the angry young man Northern kitchen sink drama and the swinging sixties sex movie. It’s best known these days as an artefact of Beatles history: the soundtrack is (sort of) by Paul McCartney and hints at the bandstand brass to come on Sgt. Pepper, and some shots of terraced houses and gasworks look like Eleanor Rigby sounds. In itself, however, it’s a sweet little film about a young couple, played by the equally adorable Hayley Mills (Jenny) and Hywel Bennett (Arthur), learning how to be married under the prying noses of family and neighbours. The most surprising theme, however, is queerness. Ezra (John MIlls), Arthur’s gruff working class dad, begins to fear his son is gay. After all, he listens to classical music, reads books and, crucially, hasn’t yet consummated his marriage. When challenged by his wife, however, he becomes gentle: of course he wouldn’t shame his son for it, if it were true; of course he’d be there for him. But there’s more: she points out that Ezra brought his best and closest friend Billy on their honeymoon; that he and Billy were inseparable; that they started each day of the honeymoon with a walk on the beach together, leaving her in the hotel. He becomes dewy eyed when he talks about Billy and misses arm wrestling with him. And Arthur is, it turns out, probably Billy’s son – and reminds Ezra so much of his lost friend that it makes him weep. I mean, blimey.

Strange Days, Kathryn Bigelow, 1995, is a film I could have seen at the cinema when it came out, or on VHS, or on DVD. I finally got round to it 30 years after it came out, and more than a quarter of a century after it is set, on New Year’s Eve 1999. This vision of the then near future is all about organic virtual reality and not, as actually transpired, Netscape Navigator and the Nokia 3210. The details might be wrong but the point holds true: the retreat into nostalgia, the dependence on technology, and the place pornography always has at the cutting edge. It’s beautifully realised with hardly a clunky detail, and shot like a film from ten years later. The lack of obvious CGI must help in this regard. The scenes of violence towards women are hard to stomach, and are supposed to be – here, put this on, don’t look away, you need to watch to understand.

As for new films, I watched and enjoyed both The Brutalist and Nosferatu, but I’m not sure anyone needs more words on either of those right now.

I also want to mention an extremely bad film that is among the maddest things I saw this year. Cipayos, Jorge Coscia, 1989, is a dystopian film from Argentina which has Buenos Aires occupied by British troops – and the tango has been banned! But the underground resistance keeps the dance alive, in back alleys and speakeasies, as they get ready to see off the arrogant invaders once and for all. Key scenes involve British dignitaries at a garden party getting the shits and the Irish soldiers joining in a musical number in which they gaily sing ‘Brits out!’ before switching sides. I want to find more of this kind of thing in 2026.

Categories
Film & TV

Another collection of vintage ghost stories for Christmas

If you’ve seen all of the BBC Ghost Stories for Christmas, and want more of the same, I’ve got good news for you.

Last year I put together a list of films, short films and TV episodes that seemed to me to capture something of the vibe of the Lawrence Gordon Clark era of BBC ghost stories for Christmas.

Since then, I’ve come across quite a few more examples.

I found them through:

  • my own nosing about on YouTube
  • social media posts and chats with people like Jamie Evans and Jon Dear
  • on blogs like A Year in the Country
  • mentioned in old film and TV guides actually printed in ink on yellowing paper
  • in the extra features on Blu-ray discs

Some of the qualities I’m drawn to are, in brief:

  • the textures of vintage media – film grain, video wobble
  • conciseness – under and hour is best
  • bleak, melancholy nostalgia
  • a vaguely literary sensibility

You can hear me talk more about this on the latest episode of Joe Tindall’s Cinéclub podcast, if you’re a podcast person.

Now, onto the list.

Shades of Darkness: Afterward, 1983

A misty, melancholy adaptation of an Edith Wharton story. The premise is fascinating – you won’t realise you’ve seen the ghost until long afterward, goes the legend – but unfortunately sets up a disappointing ending. Still, it is fascinating to watch a period ghost story with a female protagonist, from a story by a female author.

The Mind Beyond: Stones, 1976

The Mind Beyond was a series of TV plays on supernatural themes produced by Irene Shubik for BBC 2’s Playhouse strand. They’re all interesting but this particular episode has stone circles, cursed tomes, and possessed children, putting it squarely in folk horror and hauntology territory. It has the usual pondering and bickering for the first 40 minutes or so and then accelerates towards a rather powerful ending.

A young man and a young man in turquoise Volkswagen are looking shocked at something.
The Lake

The Lake, 1978

The short film Lindsey C. Vickers made before The Appointment. It’s about a young couple who go out to the countryside to see a famous ‘murder house’ and then find themselves being stalked, or haunted, by a mysterious presence. It’s available on the first of the BFI’s Short Sharp Shocks collections (recommended) and also as an extra on their disc of The Appointment.

Andrina, 1981

This one’s a bit special: it’s a ‘lost’ Bill Forsyth film, made between Gregory’s Girl and Local Hero. It’s more melancholy and bittersweet than the BBC ghost stories but shares their stillness and reliance on rural landscapes to create a sense of lonely unease. It’s about a lonely old man in Orkney who is blessed to meet a young woman who takes charge of his life and cares for him. I’d never heard of it until ‘Afterglow’ posted about it turning up, surprisingly, on YouTube.

Night Terrors: The Hospice, 1987

A 50-minute TV film that quite adequately interprets one of Robert Aickman’s best ‘strange stories’. It has to stretch the material a little, amping it up somewhat in the process, and the ending feels slightly less ambiguous than in the original text. But many of the key moments and images are there, and every bit as disturbing. Where the film benefits is in the performances by Jack Shepherd as Maybury, Alan Dobie as the sinister manager, and Jonathan Cecil as Maybury’s unsettling roommate Bannard. Cecil in particular seems to have been given the instruction I imagine actors love to hear: take it as far as you like, love; go as far over the top as you like. His chinless, rubbery British face, through a fish eye, looming too close to Maybury, and too close to us, is truly disturbing.

A young man with shattered spectacles lies on the ground while an old woman's hand reaches out for his face.
Loving Memory

Loving Memory, 1970

Tony Scott’s directorial debut. Country folk keep to themselves and follow their own laws. When Ambrose and his nameless sister kill a young cyclist they don’t only hit and run – they take the corpse with them and make it part of the family. All three performances are excellent although it’s David Pugh as a blankly staring cadaver, surrounded by buzzing flies, who perhaps has the greatest challenge. It’s available on a BFI disc along with his brother Ridley Scott’s first short film. You can also rent it online via the BFI.

Haunted: The Ferryman, 1974

A one-hour TV film based on a story by Kingsley Amis and starring Jeremy Brett. A writer (an avatar of Amis himself) achieves great success with a novel about a haunted pub. Then, resenting the attention that comes with success, he runs away for a weekend in the country with his wife. They’re not quite happy, perhaps because his ego takes up too much space in the relationship, and there’s tension around their lack of children. They end up in a pub that has almost the same name as the one in his book. The manager has almost the same name as his pub manager. The barman has almost the same name as his barman. Has he been here before, or is there a crack in reality? It’s got that pleasing mix of stillness and shock that marks so many supernatural British TV productions of this era and Brett is magnetic, if unsubtle, in the lead role.

A man hangs from a gibbet on a moor.
The Pledge

The Pledge, 1981

A macabre short by Digby Rumsey which marries shots of desolate moorland with close ups of maggots wriggling in the mouth of a corpse dangling from a gibbet. It’s not about the living dead but the dead dead – and what happens after death. It’s given an enormous lift by a propulsive theme tune by Michael Nyman. It’s an extra on the BFI disc of Schalcken the Painter and is also available on BFI Player.

I don’t know if I’ll have enough for another list next year but do feel free to make suggestions. I know about The Stone Tape and Schalcken the Painter, though.

Categories
books Film & TV ReadingThinkingDoing

Reading, thinking, doing December 2025

I’ve been reading about New York during prohibition, thinking about Stanley Kubrick, and writing in the Edwardian mode.

This blog is what I do instead of starting yet another Substack newsletter.

You can subscribe to this blog (enter an email address, get updates when I post) using the widget at the bottom of the screen.

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This particular post is the third in an ongoing series inspired by someone saying: “I don’t really want to read writing advice from authors… I just want to know what they are reading and thinking and doing.”

If you follow me on Bluesky, you already have a pretty good idea of what I’m reading, thinking and doing at all times. These are some edited highlights.

The cover illustration from a book showing a pretty young woman in a big fur coat on  a New York street.
Adrian Bailey’s cover illustration for the Penguin edition of BUtterfield 8.

Reading John O’Hara’s BUtterfield 8

The entire premise of this post is a fib, by the way, because what I’ve really been thinking is “Ugh, I’m so ill”, and what I’ve been doing is sleeping, coughing, and generally feeling run down.

But I couldn’t lead with that because other people’s illnesses are utterly tedious.

When the flu was at its height, I couldn’t even read. I spent two days mostly lying in bed with my eyes closed, only half listening to podcasts and audio dramas. In a low key way, this made me somewhat anxious, because I knew I had a yearly reading target to achieve.

That target is a very manageable 50 books. It’s just challenging enough to make me take a book from the shelf and read it rather than looking at my phone, but not so tough that it becomes a chore. As the end of November came around, I’d read 47 books, and needed to stay on track.

When the flu began to lift, I grabbed almost the first thing I saw with an interesting cover, and that was John O’Hara’s 1935 novel BUtterfield 8.

It’s a startlingly frank, sexy novel, with an undercurrent of sexual sickness. Gloria Wandrous is a flapper (although that term had gone out of fashion by the time the book is set, in around 1931) with many boyfriends, and dark memories of being abused by a family friend when she was eleven.

Her latest boyfriend, Weston Liggett, is a married man unhappy with his wife and overcome with lust for the 18-year-old Gloria. When he unwisely takes her to the family apartment after a day of drinking, she steals his wife’s mink coat, which careless act brings everything crashing down around them.

I didn’t realise until after I’d finished it that it was based loosely on a true story, that of a woman with the equally unlikely name Starr Faithfull, born Marian Wyman in 1906. The truth is even more grim and sad than O’Hara’s reinvention.

What O’Hara does brilliantly is to capture the whirl of conflicting feelings and emotions in the mind of a young person who has not been well cared for. She’s sexually uninhibited, she’s socially conservative; she wants a platonic friendship, she is offended that her one platonic friend doesn’t want to have sex with her; she feels dirty, she knows she is the most beautiful woman in New York City. The most important thing is never to stand still, or be alone, or think even for a moment.

For the beer blog I’ve been writing with my partner since 2007 I wrote a post highlighting O’Hara’s depiction of the New York speakeasy – an incidental but not unimportant aspect of the book.

Stanley Kubrick

One of my favourite podcasts, Pure Cinema, recently ran a pair of epic episodes considering the complete films of Stanley Kubrick.

It’s just a podcast, not a documentary or an academic text, but within those bounds it was a great primer on the films I haven’t seen, and a reminder of what’s interesting about those I have.

It made me think I need to prioritise seeing Lolita, which I’ve put off until now because, well, I’m basically a prude, and even the basic premise of the book/film made me feel uneasy.

It also made me want to watch Eyes Wide Shut again, having not seen it since it was released in cinemas in 1999. Back then, I was bewildered and bored by it. Now, with a bit more life behind me and more patience, I suspect I’d get more out of it.

I should say that Karina Longworth’s You Must Remember This seeded this idea. That’s less of a podcast and more like a documentary and in a series from a couple of years ago, Erotic Nineties, Longworth made a strong case for Eyes Wide Shut over the course of two long episodes.

As you might know, one of my particular obsessions is the way cities are recreated on studio backlots, like London in Los Angeles. One of the features accompanying the new Criterion Collection release of Eyes Wide Shut is a documentary about how Kubrick went about recreating New York in London, commissioning Lisa Leone, a friend of his daughter’s, to photograph the real New York in intense detail to inform the design of the set.

This feels like a fascinating creative project in its own right and there’s something fascinating about seeing photos of rubbish bins (sorry, trash cans) and shop fascias presented like evidence in a trial, or as if intended to communicate the concept of America to an alien from another world.

It’s also given me an idea for a project of my own. Watch this space.

Writing like an Edwardian

One of the principles behind my next collection of weird stories is to try to avoid nostalgia and retro pastiche. At the same time, I’ve written quite a bit of that over the years, and might put out a separate collection of only Victorian-Edwardian-style stories at some point.

As I have done for a few years in a row, now, I want to share a ghost story for Christmas on this blog. This time, I weakened, and decided to write something vaguely in the style of M.R. James or one of his contemporaries. It’s a long way from Municipal Gothic but what the hell, it’ll be free. The important thing, really, is that I enjoy writing it.

With that in mind, I’ve spent three evenings after work to get to a finished draft of about 2,800 words. What’s particularly enjoyable about writing in this mode is learning little historical details on the way. For example, you know those all-in-one underwear suits with a little flap on the bum? Those were known as ‘union suits’ in the US and as ‘combinations’, ‘woolly combinations’ or ‘woolly comms’ in the UK.

The story needs an edit and will be out in time for Christmas. Hopefully it’ll offer at least a little of the thrill of the real thing.

Broadcasts

I’m recording a podcast tonight, another episode of CinéClub with Joe Tindall, talking about the BBC ghost stories for Christmas and similar. That’ll be out before Christmas too, I hope.

A few weeks ago, with my professional hat on, I was the guest on another podcast talking about content design in healthcare. You can listen to that now.

Here on the blog, I wrote about AI art and how it stinks up anything it’s part of, even if it’s only used incidentally or for minor aspects of a larger work. It seemed to resonate with people.

Categories
Film & TV

AI farts stink up your art

Purely as a matter of aesthetics, on an emotional, instinctive level, I reject the use of generative AI in the creative arts.

When people were playing with Craiyon a few years ago, I found something interesting in the disturbing, woozy, weird images it generated. I experimented with taking its lo-res outputs, blowing them up, and blurring them to all hell to create what felt like snapshots taken with a camera I’d somehow smuggled into my own nightmares.

But as the images these tools could generate got ‘better’ – sharper, cleaner, more convincing – they slipped across a line into a kind of creepy I didn’t like. Oily. Rubbery. Like fairy treasure that turns to shit when you see it in broad daylight.

At what concentration do you start to discern the peculiar tang of AI in art you’re consuming? Setting aside ethical concerns, and arguments about solidarity between creatives, there’s an amount of AI I can just about deal with on an aesthetic level.

The Brutalist contained some background prop imagery, seen in passing, generated with AI, and used AI to massage some of Adrien Brody’s Hungarian dialogue. I wish they hadn’t done it, I don’t think it was necessary in either case, but it didn’t outweigh the vast bulk of human effort and brilliance evident throughout the film.

Late Night With The Devil, a trashier, sillier film, also used AI-generated imagery for a few onscreen graphics. Again, these were seen in passing, and made up about 0.05% of the film’s running time. They were bad, like someone dubbing a little fart noise onto the soundtrack three or four times during the film’s running time, but David Dastmalchian’s dominating performance was real enough that I could waft them away.

Watching the latest installment of British Cryptids yesterday, I was charmed by the typography, the music, the authentic 1970s patrician voiceover, and the invented folk mythology. It reminded me of Look Around You and The Day Today but with an added Fortean thrill.

Then a question occurred to me: how on earth had the creator managed to source or create all the incredible vintage images? The video was crammed with old photographs, engravings, paintings, and illustrations. Some appeared, to my eyes, to have been adapted from real archive images. Others, however, seemed to have the telltale signs of being generated with AI.

It was like biting into a delicious pie and, after taking several bites, finding a wriggling maggot.

I then began to worry every mouthful had maggots in it.

I doubted the voiceover, for example, which was too steady and repetitive in its rhythms. Where had they found a performer able to deliver this on a YouTube creator budget? I’m not 100 per cent sure, perhaps it is a voice actor, but I now think that was generated using a service like Speechify, whose ‘Russell’ voice is quite a close match to my ears.

When two brief video clips appeared I was certain they were AI-generated. They had the unstable, slippery quality of moving images generated with something like Sora.

I felt that lurch in my gut, that sense of having been pranked, and stopped watching.

When I talk about this emotional reaction to AI-generated text or visuals – when I say I don’t enjoy consuming things created with it – one counter argument is: “But what about CGI?”

To which I can smugly say, well, I’m not keen on computer-generated imagery or digital post-production either.

I tolerate it if it’s not intrusive and doesn’t outweigh the narrative and performances. But if I never see, say, another digital matte painting of the London skyline with too much detail and digital smoke, but which is also somehow completely unconvincing, that’s fine by me.

This is probably the reason I mostly watch older films and haven’t seen anything from Marvel since the first Avengers film. The finale of that film left me cold, with its digital characters being flung around a digital city, battling digital monsters, surrounded by digital smoke and digital flame.

But there’s no point in counter-arguments. This isn’t about logic, it’s about feelings.

I manage to read about 50 books a year and watch around 200 films. I want each of those to be an opportunity to connect with the creativity and craft of other human beings.

That has to go beyond having an idea and pressing a button to generate the end product.

Even if you press the button many times, and choose the best bits of whatever gunge is extruded to stitch together into a slightly less stinky, repellent object, you still haven’t made anything.

At best, I don’t care and won’t engage with it. At worst, I will hate it, and resent your attempt to feed it to me.